Most of what we know about mitochondrial-targeted peptides comes from in vitro cell studies and in vivo animal experiments, not from real human beings. The few human trials that exist are short-term safety studies, often lasting only 7- 28 days, and they tell us nothing about what happens to mitochondrial membrane potential, redox signalling, fission–fusion dynamics, or mitophagy over months or years of use. There are no long-term human outcome trials, no multi-system follow-ups, and no data sho

Adderall (mixed amphetamine salts) drives mitochondria into a damaging overdrive state by spiking dopamine and norepinephrine far beyond physiological capacity. It forces these neurotransmitters out of storage vesicles and reverses their transporters, flooding the synapse while blocking reuptake. Excess dopamine and norepinephrine sitting unshielded in the cytosol are rapidly metabolized by monoamine oxidase, producing hydrogen peroxide and reactive quinones that directly attack mitochondrial pr

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